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An unsolved murder refers to a homicide case in which law enforcement has not identified a suspect, lacks sufficient evidence to bring charges, or has failed to secure a conviction, despite investigative efforts. The term is descriptive rather than a formal legal classification—under federal law, the underlying offense remains murder as defined by statute, regardless of whether the perpetrator has been apprehended.

Under 18 U.S.C. § 1111, murder is defined as the unlawful killing of a human being with malice aforethought. The statute distinguishes between first-degree murder (premeditated or committed during certain felonies) and second-degree murder (all other murders). Whether a case is solved or unsolved does not alter this legal definition; it merely describes the status of the investigation and prosecution.

Federal jurisdiction over a murder case depends on specific statutory grounds, such as the crime occurring on federal property, involving federal officials, or falling under specialized federal statutes like the Federal Hate Crimes Act. When federal authorities investigate an unsolved murder, the case remains open until sufficient evidence leads to identification and prosecution of a suspect, or until investigative leads are exhausted.

In true crime discourse, cases are often labeled "unsolved" or "cold" when active investigation has stalled due to lack of leads, witnesses, or forensic evidence. Law enforcement agencies typically maintain these cases as open investigations indefinitely, as there is no statute of limitations for murder under federal law. Advances in forensic technology, particularly DNA analysis, have led to the resolution of numerous previously unsolved cases decades after the original crimes.